For hundreds of years, scientists have suspected a connection between our?personality traits?and?taste?preferences.?Anton Brillat-Savarin, the famous French gastronome, is quoted saying, “Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you who you are.”?

數(shù)百年來(lái)，科學(xué)家們一直懷疑我們的性格特征和口味偏好之間存在聯(lián)系。法國(guó)著名美食家安東·布里亞-薩瓦蘭曾說(shuō)過(guò)：“告訴我你吃什么，我就能說(shuō)出你是誰(shuí)?！?/p>

Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you who you are.

告訴我你吃什么，我就能告訴你你是誰(shuí)。

But what?influences?what we eat? It turns out that a symphony of elements influences our?dietary intake patterns. These elements include (but are not limited to) our psychological traits (and?mood?states), cognitive and perceptual processes, behavioral attributes, psychosocial (including cultural) environment, and interoceptive experience. Each of these elements, in turn, is driven by physiological, biological, neuropsychological, and environmental states that are constantly at play within us (figure 1) (see the?Nutritional Psychology Research Library).

但究竟是什么影響著我們的飲食習(xí)慣呢？原來(lái)，一系列復(fù)雜的因素共同作用于我們的飲食攝入模式。這些因素包括（但不限于）我們的心理特質(zhì)（及情緒狀態(tài)）、認(rèn)知和感知過(guò)程、行為特征、心理社會(huì)（包括文化）環(huán)境以及內(nèi)臟感覺(jué)體驗(yàn)。而這些因素又各自受到我們體內(nèi)不斷變化的生理、生物、神經(jīng)心理和環(huán)境狀態(tài)的驅(qū)動(dòng)（見(jiàn)圖1）（請(qǐng)參閱營(yíng)養(yǎng)心理學(xué)研究庫(kù)）。

Figure 1. Elements of the?diet-mental health relationship (DMHR)?informing?nutritional psychology?(NP)

圖1. 飲食與心理健康關(guān)系（DMHR）的元素，為營(yíng)養(yǎng)心理學(xué)（NP）提供信息

Understanding the?diet-mental health relationship (DMHR)?involves a wealth of conceptual complexity. The burgeoning field of?nutritional psychology?is attempting to integrate this conceptual complexity into a singular infrastructure by which the conceptualization of the DMHR can grow (figure 1).?Nutritional psychology?involves understanding the myriad factors interconnecting our dietary intake with our psychological processes, functioning, and experience. A plethora of research exists (and is growing) to improve our understanding of these interconnections and is contained in the CNP?Research Libraries.?

理解飲食與心理健康關(guān)系（DMHR）涉及大量的概念復(fù)雜性。營(yíng)養(yǎng)心理學(xué)這一新興領(lǐng)域正試圖將這些概念復(fù)雜性整合到一個(gè)單一的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施中，以便DMHR的概念化能夠不斷發(fā)展（見(jiàn)圖1）。營(yíng)養(yǎng)心理學(xué)涉及理解我們飲食攝入與心理過(guò)程、功能和體驗(yàn)之間錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的聯(lián)系。存在大量（且不斷增長(zhǎng)）的研究來(lái)改善我們對(duì)這些相互關(guān)系的理解，這些研究包含在CNP研究庫(kù)中。

What is Guiding What We Eat?

是什么在引導(dǎo)我們的飲食？

On the surface, many of us believe that what we eat is guided by what we like and want to eat (or in the current dietary intake landscape additionally, what we?crave?to eat and what is available to eat). In fact, what we eat goes far deeper than simply wanting and liking certain foods. A host of involuntary factors, of which we are mostly unaware, influence our daily dietary intake including our?perceptions and preferences, personality,?mood, behavioral attributes, and even genetics (Neuroscientist News, 2022). Let’s begin by looking at?taste?perception, preference, and their connection with?personality traits.

從表面上看，我們中的許多人認(rèn)為我們的飲食是由我們喜歡和想吃的食物（或在當(dāng)前的飲食攝入環(huán)境中，我們渴望吃的食物以及可獲得的食物）所引導(dǎo)的。事實(shí)上，我們的飲食遠(yuǎn)比僅僅想要和喜歡某些食物要復(fù)雜得多。許多我們大多未意識(shí)到的非自愿因素也在影響我們的日常飲食攝入，包括我們的感知和偏好、個(gè)性、情緒、行為特征，甚至遺傳（Neuroscientist News, 2022）。讓我們從味覺(jué)感知、偏好及其與個(gè)性特征的聯(lián)系開(kāi)始探討。

Genetic Basis for?Taste?Perception?and its Connection with?Personality Traits

味覺(jué)感知的遺傳基礎(chǔ)及其與個(gè)性特征的聯(lián)系

Perceiving?taste?involves complex pathways that interface with multiple cranial nerves and areas in our brain. The five?taste?sensations (bitter, sweet, umami, sour, and salt) arise because of the activation of specific?taste?receptor cells on the lingual papillae on the tongue. Specific?genes?encode the different?taste?receptors. Varieties in these?genes?lead to the expression of different?proteins associated with different tasting abilities, preferences, and?personality traits. This serves as the genetic basis for?taste?and the?perception?of?taste.?

味覺(jué)感知涉及復(fù)雜的途徑，這些途徑與我們的多個(gè)腦神經(jīng)和大腦區(qū)域相連。五種基本味覺(jué)（苦、甜、鮮、酸、咸）的產(chǎn)生是由于舌頭味蕾上的特定味覺(jué)受體細(xì)胞被激活。不同的味覺(jué)受體由特定的基因編碼。這些基因的不同變體導(dǎo)致與不同味覺(jué)能力、偏好和個(gè)性特征相關(guān)的不同蛋白質(zhì)的表達(dá)。這構(gòu)成了味覺(jué)及其感知的遺傳基礎(chǔ)。

Interestingly, sensory science divides people into?supertasters,?medium-tasters, and?non-tasters. The TAS2R38 gene, located on chromosome 7, provides the genetic basis for?taster status (Figure 2).??

有趣的是，感官科學(xué)將人們分為超味覺(jué)者、中味覺(jué)者和非味覺(jué)者。位于7號(hào)染色體上的TAS2R38基因提供了味覺(jué)者分類的遺傳基礎(chǔ)（圖2）。

Supertasters are defined as?individuals with uncommonly low gustatory thresholds and strong responses to moderate concentrations of?taste?stimuli?(Supertaster – APA Dictionary of?Psychology, n.d.). Supertasters have an unusually high number of?taste buds.?This gene in supertasters increases their?perception?of bitter flavors in foods.?

超味覺(jué)者被定義為具有異常低的味覺(jué)閾值和對(duì)中等濃度味覺(jué)刺激物產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈反應(yīng)的人（“Supertaster – APA心理學(xué)詞典”，無(wú)日期）。超味覺(jué)者擁有異常多的味蕾。這種基因變異使得超味覺(jué)者對(duì)食物中的苦味感知更為強(qiáng)烈。

Varieties in genes lead to the expression of different proteins associated with different tasting abilities, preferences, and personality traits.

基因的不同變體導(dǎo)致與不同味覺(jué)能力、偏好和個(gè)性特征相關(guān)的不同蛋白質(zhì)的表達(dá)。

For example, supertasters tend to find the?taste?of coffee to be very bitter. In relation to personality characteristics, studies have found that supertasters and medium-tasters tend to be more tense, apprehensive, and imaginative than non-tasters, while non-tasters are inclined to be more relaxed, placid, and practical (Mascie-Taylor et al., 1983).

例如，超味覺(jué)者往往覺(jué)得咖啡的味道非常苦。在個(gè)性特征方面，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，超味覺(jué)者和中味覺(jué)者往往比非味覺(jué)者更加緊張、憂慮和富有想象力，而非味覺(jué)者則傾向于更加放松、平靜和務(wù)實(shí)（Mascie-Taylor等人，1983）。

Science also reveals a genetic basis for?sweet liking, identified by a locus on chromosome 16 (Figure 2). Researchers divide the population into three categories related to the liking for sweetness:?sweet-likers,?sweet-neutral, and?sweet dislikers. Regarding differences in the preferences for sweetness, studies have shown that these differences predicted intentions, prosocial personalities, and behaviors (Meier et al., 2012).?

科學(xué)還揭示了喜歡甜味的遺傳基礎(chǔ)，這由16號(hào)染色體上的一個(gè)位點(diǎn)決定（圖2）。研究人員根據(jù)對(duì)甜味的喜好將人群分為三類：喜歡甜味者、對(duì)甜味無(wú)感者和不喜歡甜味者。關(guān)于對(duì)甜味偏好的差異，研究表明，這些差異可以預(yù)測(cè)個(gè)體的意圖、親社會(huì)個(gè)性和行為（Meier等人，2012）。

Figure 2. The five?taste?sensations. The genetic basis for sweet liking is identified by chromosome 16, while chromosome 7 provides the genetic basis for?taster status

圖2. 五種基本味覺(jué)。喜歡甜味的遺傳基礎(chǔ)由16號(hào)染色體決定，而7號(hào)染色體則提供了味覺(jué)者分類的遺傳基礎(chǔ)

It is important to note that in addition to our?genes, our biochemical makeup also plays a role in our food?perception?and preference. For example, one study showed that salivary testosterone levels correlated with the amount of spice (Tabasco in this case) that participants chose to add to their food (Bègue et al., 2015).?

值得注意的是，除了基因外，我們的生化構(gòu)成也在食物感知和偏好中發(fā)揮作用。例如，一項(xiàng)研究表明，唾液中的睪酮水平與參與者選擇添加到食物中的香料量（在這種情況下是塔巴斯科辣醬）呈正相關(guān)（Bègue等人，2015）。

Now that we’re aware of the genetic (and biochemical) basis for?taste?perception?and preference, and learned how our?genes?can influence personality, let’s look at how personality can influence food preference.?

既然我們已經(jīng)了解了味覺(jué)感知和偏好的遺傳（和生化）基礎(chǔ)，并學(xué)習(xí)了基因如何影響個(gè)性，接下來(lái)讓我們看看個(gè)性如何影響食物偏好。

Personality and Food Preference

個(gè)性與食物偏好

Regarding food preferences, key factors of a person’s personality, including openness to experience (i.e., curiosity vs. caution), have been found to correlate with various aspects of food preference. For example, in a study by Conner et al. (2017), people with personality attributes like?openness?scored above average on preference for new food experiences. The controversy associated with such research, however, is that it has largely been conducted using self-rated food preferences, not in settings with actual food choices.

在食物偏好方面，一個(gè)人的個(gè)性的關(guān)鍵因素，包括對(duì)新體驗(yàn)的開(kāi)放性（即好奇心與謹(jǐn)慎之間的平衡），已被發(fā)現(xiàn)與食物偏好的各個(gè)方面相關(guān)。例如，在Conner等人（2017）的研究中，具有開(kāi)放性等個(gè)性特征的人在喜歡新食物體驗(yàn)方面的得分高于平均水平。然而，這類研究的一個(gè)爭(zhēng)議點(diǎn)是，它們大多是通過(guò)自我評(píng)估的食物偏好來(lái)進(jìn)行的，而不是在實(shí)際選擇食物的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行的。

Key factors of a person’s personality have been found to correlate with aspects of food preference.

個(gè)性與食物偏好的關(guān)鍵因素

Many studies have addressed this issue. For example, a 2016 study analyzed participants’ willingness to try new foods. In this study, bite-sized pieces of twelve food items were placed in front of each participant (these included: octopus, hearts of palm, seaweed, soya bean milk, blood sausage, Chinese sweet rice cake, pickled watermelon rind, raw fish, quail egg, star fruit, sheep milk cheese, and black beans). Findings showed that the most anxious participants were the?least willing?to try new foods (Otis, 2016). This has been supported by other publications showing that anxious patients exhibit greater food aversions (Spence, 2021).

許多研究已經(jīng)探討了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。例如，2016年的一項(xiàng)研究分析了參與者嘗試新食物的意愿。在這項(xiàng)研究中，研究人員在每個(gè)參與者面前放置了十二種食物的小塊樣品（包括：章魚、棕櫚芯、海藻、豆?jié){、血腸、中國(guó)甜年糕、腌西瓜皮、生魚片、鵪鶉蛋、楊桃、羊奶酪和黑豆）。研究結(jié)果表明，最焦慮的參與者最不愿意嘗試新食物（Otis，2016）。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)得到了其他研究的支持，這些研究表明焦慮患者表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的食物厭惡（Spence，2021）。

The most anxious participants were the least willing to try new foods.

最焦慮的參與者最不愿意嘗試新食物

Taste?Perception?and its Influence on?Mood?and Behavior

味覺(jué)感知及其對(duì)情緒和行為的影響

Now that we’ve explored some interconnections between?genes,?taste?perception, and personality, let’s see how?taste?perception?can influence our?mood?and behaviors. An example study by Vi and Obrist (2018) showed that those experiencing a sour?taste?were more likely engage in risk-taking. This was measured using the standardized Balloon Analogue Risk-Taking (BART) task, a computerized gambling task. Participants were asked to virtually pump up a balloon on a computer screen, with an accumulated monetary?reward?at stake. After each pump, the balloon either explodes or increases in size based on a randomized algorithm, yielding greater?reward. Participants who had?tasted something sour (as compared to a neutral water stimulus) were more likely to keep inflating the virtual balloon, risking the loss of the?reward.?

既然我們已經(jīng)探討了基因、味覺(jué)感知和個(gè)性之間的一些相互聯(lián)系，接下來(lái)讓我們看看味覺(jué)感知如何影響我們的情緒和行為。Vi和Obrist（2018）的一項(xiàng)研究就是一個(gè)很好的例子，該研究表明，體驗(yàn)酸味的人更有可能進(jìn)行冒險(xiǎn)行為。這一結(jié)論是通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的氣球模擬風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)（BART）任務(wù)來(lái)衡量的，這是一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)化的賭博任務(wù)。參與者被要求在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上虛擬地給氣球充氣，同時(shí)累積金錢獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。每次充氣后，氣球要么根據(jù)隨機(jī)算法爆炸，要么增大，從而獲得更大的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。與接受中性水刺激的參與者相比，那些品嘗了酸味物質(zhì)的參與者更有可能繼續(xù)給虛擬氣球充氣，從而冒著失去獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

A study exploring the interrelation between?taste?perception?and?mood?(Chan et al., 2013) showed that tasting something sweet made people feel temporarily more romantic. And that by having people remember an episode of romantic love, they would report some foods as being sweeter than did those who were asked to recall a jealous?memory.?

另一項(xiàng)探討味覺(jué)感知與情緒之間關(guān)系的研究（Chan等人，2013）表明，品嘗甜味食物會(huì)讓人暫時(shí)感覺(jué)更加浪漫。研究人員讓參與者回憶一段浪漫的愛(ài)情經(jīng)歷，這些參與者報(bào)告說(shuō)某些食物比那些被要求回憶嫉妒記憶的參與者感覺(jué)更甜。

In another study by Ren et al., (2014), researchers exposed a group of participants to the sweet?taste?of Oreo cookies. This exposure resulted in a greater interest in initiating relationships with a potential partner.?

Ren等人（2014）的另一項(xiàng)研究則揭示了甜味對(duì)人際關(guān)系的影響。研究人員讓一組參與者品嘗奧利奧餅干的甜味。這種甜味體驗(yàn)導(dǎo)致參與者對(duì)與潛在伴侶建立關(guān)系的興趣增加。

A study by Greimel et al., (2006) found that prompting people to remember being mistreated at work resulted in bitter?tastes being rated as more intense, while watching a joyful film clip (compared to a sad movie clip) resulted in participants rating a sweet drink as more pleasant.

Greimel等人（2006）的研究揭示了情緒狀態(tài)對(duì)味覺(jué)感知的顯著影響。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)引導(dǎo)人們回憶在工作中受到的不公待遇時(shí)，他們會(huì)對(duì)苦味食物的感知更為強(qiáng)烈，認(rèn)為其味道更加苦澀。相反，當(dāng)參與者觀看一段令人愉悅的電影片段（與觀看悲傷電影片段相比）時(shí)，他們會(huì)更傾向于將甜飲料評(píng)價(jià)為更加美味。

Taste?Perception?and Clinical Disorders

味覺(jué)感知與臨床疾病

Some research on?taste?perception?in the context of?mental health?shows that depressed patients have differences in?perception?of?taste. While some studies have reported no difference in?taste?perception?in depressed patients (Arrando, 2015; Nagai, et al., 2015), researchers Hur et al. (2018) found that the prevalence of altered smell and?taste?among patients with major depressive disorder was 39.8% and 23.7% respectively.

在心理健康的背景下，對(duì)味覺(jué)感知的研究表明，抑郁癥患者存在味覺(jué)感知上的差異。盡管一些研究（如Arrando, 2015; Nagai等人, 2015）報(bào)告了抑郁癥患者與正常人在味覺(jué)感知上沒(méi)有顯著差異，但Hur等人（2018）的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在患有重度抑郁癥的患者中，嗅覺(jué)和味覺(jué)改變的發(fā)生率分別為39.8%和23.7%。

These changes in?taste?perception?are hypothesized to be due to several?mechanisms, but one?mechanism?seems to involve neurochemical changes that happen in our brain due to either emotional or pathological processes (e.g.,?depression?leads to elevation of inflammatory?cytokines?like interleukin 6). These changes can result in actual changes in the gustatory system.?

這些味覺(jué)感知的變化被認(rèn)為是由多種機(jī)制引起的，其中一個(gè)重要機(jī)制涉及大腦中由于情感或病理過(guò)程（如抑郁癥導(dǎo)致的炎癥細(xì)胞因子如白介素6水平升高）而發(fā)生的神經(jīng)化學(xué)變化。這些變化可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致味覺(jué)系統(tǒng)的實(shí)際改變。

It is hypothesized that changed?taste?thresholds could be attributed to reduced?serotonin?and noradrenaline?levels in depressed patients, as suggested by Heath et al. (2006) (Figure 3). This proposed?mechanism?was supported by another study (Kim et al., 2017), which found reduced expression of 5‐HT1A receptors for?serotonin?in the?taste?cells of rats that developed?anhedonia?— a common symptom of?depression. Case reports demonstrate that a change in?taste?is a neglected symptom in depressed patients that is worthy of further investigation (Miller & Naylor, 1989; Mizoguchi et al., 2012).?

Heath等人（2006）提出的假設(shè)認(rèn)為，抑郁癥患者味覺(jué)閾值的變化可能與血清素（5-羥色胺）和去甲腎上腺素水平的降低有關(guān)（如圖3所示）。這一機(jī)制得到了Kim等人（2017）的研究支持，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在出現(xiàn)快感缺失（抑郁癥的一個(gè)常見(jiàn)癥狀）的大鼠中，其味覺(jué)細(xì)胞中的5-HT1A血清素受體表達(dá)減少。此外，病例報(bào)告也表明，味覺(jué)改變是抑郁癥患者中被忽視的一個(gè)癥狀，值得進(jìn)一步深入研究（Miller & Naylor, 1989; Mizoguchi等人, 2012）。

Figure 3. Human gustatory pathway. Variations in?serotonin?levels are associated with different thresholds for certain?tastes like bitter and sweet (Heath, 2006).

圖3. 人類味覺(jué)通路。血清素水平的變化與某些味覺(jué)（如苦和甜）的閾值變化相關(guān)聯(lián)（Heath, 2006）。

Research also shows that patients with panic disorders can have exhibited reduced sensitivity to bitterness (DeMet et al., 1989), while anxiety levels are positively correlated with the?taste?thresholds for bitterness and saltiness (Heath et al., 2006).?

研究還表明，驚恐障礙患者對(duì)苦味的敏感性可能會(huì)降低(DeMet et al.， 1989)，而焦慮水平與苦味和咸味的味覺(jué)閾值呈正相關(guān)(Heath et al.， 2006)。

According to Hur et al. (2018), it may be advisable for primary care providers to screen their patients for?depression?or other psychiatric conditions when they report changes in?taste?or smell.

根據(jù)Hur等人(2018)的研究，當(dāng)患者報(bào)告味覺(jué)或嗅覺(jué)發(fā)生變化時(shí)，建議初級(jí)保健提供者篩查患者是否患有抑郁癥或其他精神疾病。

Conclusion

結(jié)論

In this article, we’ve had a little ‘taste’ of how our?genes?influence our?taste?perception?and preferences. The DMHR plot thickens when we begin to be aware of how these?perceptions and preferences can interplay with our personality,?mood, and behaviors (figure 4).

在這篇文章中，我們對(duì)基因如何影響我們的味覺(jué)和偏好有了一點(diǎn)“了解”。當(dāng)我們開(kāi)始意識(shí)到這些感知和偏好如何與我們的個(gè)性、情緒和行為相互作用時(shí)，DMHR的情節(jié)就會(huì)變得更加復(fù)雜(圖4)。

Figure 4. Interconnections between?genes,?taste?perception, and preference, behaviors, personality, and?mood.

圖4. 基因、味覺(jué)感知與偏好、行為、個(gè)性與情緒之間的相互聯(lián)系

For example, we learned how anxious individuals can prefer a narrower range of food while people with personality attributes like openness typically score above average on preferences for new food experiences. Intriguingly, differences in food behavior and?taste?perception?have been linked with circulating levels of certain?neurotransmitters?like?serotonin?and can?affect?taste?perception?in clinical disorders.?

例如，我們了解到焦慮的個(gè)體往往偏好更為有限的食物種類，而那些具有開(kāi)放性等個(gè)性特征的人則在新食物體驗(yàn)的偏好上通常得分高于平均水平。這揭示了個(gè)性特征對(duì)食物選擇的重要影響。更有趣的是，食物行為和味覺(jué)感知的差異與體內(nèi)某些神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)（如血清素）的循環(huán)水平密切相關(guān)，這些差異在臨床疾病中也可能對(duì)味覺(jué)感知產(chǎn)生影響。

While not lending to a conclusive understanding of the factors involved in dietary intake, our goal with this article is to provide you with a new awareness of the interconnection that occurs between your?genes, personality, emotions, and food-related behaviors and preferences.??

盡管本文未能為飲食攝入所涉及的因素提供全面而確定的解釋，但我們的目標(biāo)是通過(guò)這篇文章，讓您對(duì)基因、個(gè)性、情緒以及與食物相關(guān)的行為和偏好之間錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的相互聯(lián)系產(chǎn)生新的認(rèn)識(shí)。

To learn more,

進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)

visit the CNP?Diet and Personality?and?Diet and Sensory-Perception?research categories in the?NPRL.?

訪問(wèn)NPRL中的CNP飲食與個(gè)性及飲食與感官感知研究分類

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